Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

21.2K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
21.2K
Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

6.9K
In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
6.9K
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

3.9K
The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
3.9K
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

39.5K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
39.5K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

4.0K
Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
4.0K
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

15.1K
An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
15.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>In-situ</i> construction and repair of SEI via a Li<sub>2</sub>ZrF<sub>6</sub> additive for durable lithium metal batteries.

National science review·2026
Same author

Genetic Links Between Cancer and Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

Human mutation·2026
Same author

HPV Infection Drives CXCL8<sup>+</sup> Neutrophil-Mediated Immune Suppression in Cervical Cancer.

BioFactors (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Engineering Vertically-Growing V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanosheets and Unveiling Their Novel Properties.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

A rechargeable non-aqueous Mg-O<sub>2</sub> battery based on magnesium peroxide chemistry.

Nature chemistry·2026
Same author

Nonlinear quantum light source with van der Waals ferroelectric NbOX<sub>2</sub> (X = Br, I).

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

8.5K

Bromine-Promoted Tandem Catalysis for C2+ Production from CO2 Electroreduction.

Xinyuan Xu1, Yalan Mao1, Xiaojing Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel bromine-mediated silver-copper catalyst for efficient electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction. The new catalyst significantly enhances the production of valuable C2+ products from CO2.

Keywords:
C2+ productionbromine‐modificationcarbon dioxide reductionsynergetic effecttandem catalysis

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

19.4K
Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

8.5K
Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

19.4K
Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction is a promising route for converting CO2 into valuable multicarbon chemicals.
  • Achieving high selectivity in CO2 reduction, particularly for C2+ products, is challenging due to sluggish C-C coupling and competing reaction pathways on copper (Cu) catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and investigate a novel bromine-mediated silver-copper (Ag-Cu) heterogeneous tandem catalyst for enhanced CO2 reduction to C2+ products.
  • To understand the catalytic mechanism and the role of bromine in promoting C-C coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite catalyst (Ag/AgBr/Cu2O) featuring a heterogeneous interface between AgBr-modified Ag nanoparticles and Cu2O.
  • Electrochemical evaluation in an alkaline gas-diffusion electrolyzer to assess CO2 reduction performance.
  • In situ electrochemical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze surface intermediates.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate reaction pathways and energetics.

Main Results:

  • The Ag/AgBr/Cu2O-1 catalyst achieved a high Faradaic efficiency of 82.7% for C2+ production with a partial current density of 168.2 mA·cm−2.
  • The catalyst significantly outperformed physically mixed Ag/Cu2O and pure Cu2O counterparts in CO2-to-C2+ conversion.
  • Electrochemical FTIR and DFT studies revealed that bromine mediation enhances the surface coverage of *CO and *CHO intermediates, promoting asymmetric C-C coupling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed bromine-mediated Ag-Cu tandem catalyst effectively promotes CO2-to-C2+ conversion by enhancing key intermediate accumulation and coupling.
  • This work demonstrates the potential of bromine-mediated tandem catalysis as a strategy to overcome C-C coupling limitations in electrochemical CO2 reduction.