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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer

Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer

Published on: March 2, 2020

Gradient Multinozzle 3D Printing.

Luca Rosalia¹, Soham Sinha¹, Jonathan D Weiss¹

¹Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|April 3, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gradient embedded multinozzle (GEM) printheads accelerate materials discovery for 3D printing. These novel printheads enable rapid exploration of diverse ink formulations and complex material compositions for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Biotechnology
Additive Manufacturing

Background:

Direct ink writing (DIW) offers material versatility but faces bottlenecks in ink formulation.
Developing new inks requires extensive mixing, printing, and testing, slowing innovation.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce gradient embedded multinozzle (GEM) printheads to accelerate ink-space exploration in DIW.
To enable high-throughput parallelized printing with combinatorial ink mixing.

Main Methods:

Developed GEM printheads for simultaneous mixing of two-, three-, and four-input inks.
Utilized GEM printheads to create 3D structures with graded ink compositions.
Validated cell compatibility and optimized hydrogel properties for specific applications.

Main Results:

Demonstrated cell compatibility using a two-way GEM printhead with fibroblast-laden scaffolds.
Optimized ten compositions of poly(ethylene-glycol) diacrylate hydrogel tri-leaflet valves using a three-way GEM printhead.
Achieved optimization for stiffness, swelling ratio, and toughness in printed valves.

Conclusions:

GEM printheads significantly accelerate iterative ink design and testing for 3D printing.
The technology is compatible with open-source printers and various extrusion systems.
This innovation promises to broaden the scope of achievable materials and applications in additive manufacturing.