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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: What is new in 2024?

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Perflurocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PBOC) show promise as artificial oxygen therapeutics. Despite past setbacks, Perftoran

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Medical Devices
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Perflurocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PBOC) are artificial oxygen therapeutics.
  • Many PBOC products were discontinued due to side effects.
  • PBOCs offer advantages in large-scale production due to their inorganic nature and small molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and clinical application of PBOCs.
  • To highlight Perftoran's history and potential for the North American market.
  • To discuss ongoing research in albumin-derived PBOCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PBOC development and clinical trials.
  • Analysis of historical data on PBOC product discontinuation.
  • Examination of Perftoran's clinical use and safety profile.

Main Results:

  • Several PBOC products (Flusol-DA-20, Oxygent, Oxycyte) were discontinued due to adverse effects.
  • Perftoran, used in over 35,000 patients in Russia and Mexico, reported mild adverse effects.
  • FluorO2 Therapeutics is investigating Perftoran for the North American market, and PHER-O2 is in translational research.

Conclusions:

  • PBOCs have a long history with challenges, but Perftoran shows potential for renewed clinical interest.
  • Ongoing research into novel PBOC formulations like albumin-derived carriers continues.
  • Further investigation is needed to establish safety and efficacy for broader clinical adoption.