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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
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Engineering Plasma-Liquid Microdischarge Systems for Direct N2‑to-NH3 Conversion at Ambient Conditions.

Marco Francesco Torre1, Lavanya Veerapuram1, Francesco Tavella1

  • 1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
|April 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a hybrid electrochemical device for sustainable ammonia (NH3) production using micro-plasma. Optimized engineering achieved over 70% Faradaic efficiency for nitrogen fixation.

Keywords:
microdischargenitrogen fixationnonthermal plasmaplasma−liquid interactionsustainable ammonia synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Plasma Physics
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) synthesis traditionally relies on energy-intensive processes like the Haber-Bosch method.
  • Plasma micro-discharges at the water-electrode interface offer a novel route for NH3 production under ambient conditions.
  • Device engineering is critical for optimizing plasma discharge performance and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and engineer a hybrid electrochemical device for sustainable ammonia production.
  • To investigate the role of solvated electrons generated via plasma-liquid interactions in NH3 synthesis.
  • To optimize key operational parameters for enhanced NH3 yield and Faradaic efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a micro-plasma cathode within a hybrid electrochemical device.
  • Systematic investigation of plasma-liquid gap, gas flow rate, discharge current, and cathode diameter.
  • Analysis of ammonia yield and Faradaic efficiency under varying operational conditions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ammonia (NH3) synthesis directly from N2 and H2O using plasma micro-discharges.
  • Solvated electrons from plasma-liquid interactions served as potent reducing agents, negating the need for catalysts.
  • Optimized device engineering resulted in a Faradaic efficiency exceeding 70% and enhanced N2-to-NH3 yield.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid electrochemical device with a micro-plasma cathode enables efficient and sustainable ammonia production.
  • System engineering optimization is crucial for advancing plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation.
  • The developed technology shows potential for industrial scale-up of green ammonia synthesis.