Targeting Blood-Brain Barrier Damage with Nanotechnology in the Fight Against Neurodegenerative Diseases

The global health burden is attributed to neurodegenerative diseases, of which Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent the major NDs. Changes in the blood-brain barrier system are considered an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, a process increasingly recognised. This review critically evaluates the recent advancement in nanotechnology that aims at targeting and recovering BBB disruption in neurodegenerative diseases. Nanoparticles, including polymeric, liposomal, micellar, metallic, and carbon-based systems, have the potential to cross the BBB. These mechanisms happen through receptor-mediated and adsorptive- mediated transcytosis. These nanoparticles also assist in repairing the BBB and allowing for protein expression. To counteract oxidative stress and alter inflammatory pathways. These nano systems are adept at drug control, neurovascular unit stability, and bioavailability enhancement of various medicines. Nanotechnology provides a dual advantage for therapy and active repairing. It can deliver drugs to the CNS selectively. The technology can actively repair the BBB structure and function. Further interdisciplinary research, translations, and safety assessments are essential to realize the full clinical promise of nanomedicine for the management of neurodegenerative diseases.