Biochemical biomarker-Driven deep learning framework with SHAP-based feature interpretation for diabetes...

Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that develops when the body cannot produce insulin effectively or use it properly. Individuals usually progress through a clinical spectrum that begins with normal glucose regulation, moves into a prediabetic state, and may eventually advance to type 2 diabetes. The continuous global rise in diabetes cases, associated mainly with sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy dietary patterns, and broader environmental pressures, has created an urgent need for diagnostic methods that enable early detection and reduce the likelihood of serious complications involving the kidneys, eyes, heart, and other vital organs. In this study, we present a predictive model that integrates a Deep Neural Network with feature ranking and a statistical algorithm to improve the early identification of diabetes. To enhance model interpretability, Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were applied to identify the most influential features in predicting outcomes. Through extensive experiments using 10-fold cross-validation, the proposed method achieved an average accuracy of 95.72% demonstrated clear improvements over traditional machine learning models and several recent benchmark approaches. The findings highlight the importance of early screening supported by advanced analytical tools and emphasize the role of broader socioeconomic factors, including urbanization, dietary changes, and variations in healthcare access, in shaping effective diabetes prevention and management strategies.