Detection of skatole using a phage display-derived peptide-modified graphene FET

Phage display-derived peptides were functionalized to a graphene field effect transistor for the detection of skatole, a volatile organic compound associated with "boar taint" in pork, for meat quality monitoring. Skatole-specific peptides were identified through phage display and evaluated using peptide arrays and GC/MS. The selected peptides were then connected to a graphene binding sequence to create a bi-functional peptide for a one-step sensor surface modification via self-assembly. The fabricated sensor exhibited exceptional sensitivity, with a pico-molar level detection limit, and demonstrated high specificity for skatole. The sensor's versatility was further highlighted in determining skatole levels in pork and other meat products, and it successfully distinguished meat types using PCA.