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Episodic Heavy Drinking and Implications for Steatotic Liver Disease Nomenclature: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Yinan Su1, Jennifer L Dodge2, Brian P Lee3
1Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
Background & Aims:
Federal agencies define heavy drinking by average increased or episodic heavy alcohol consumption, yet steatotic liver disease (SLD) nomenclature only captures average alcohol consumption to define subcategories. We evaluated episodic heavy drinking among SLD subcategories and its association with liver fibrosis.
Methods:
We utilized the 2017 to 2023 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) including adults with vibration-controlled transient elastography data. Significant and advanced liver fibrosis were liver stiffness ≥8 and ≥12 kPa. Episodic heavy drinking was ≥4 drinks (women) and ≥5 (men) on any day, at least once per month. Multivariable logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex, average alcohol consumption) analyzed the association of episodic heavy drinking with liver fibrosis in SLD groups.
Results:
Among 8006 individuals, 4571 had SLD: 3969 had metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), 373 had metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), and 144 had alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Among patients with MASLD, 632 (15.9%) had episodic heavy drinking, which was associated with significant (adjusted odds ratio, 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-2.58) and advanced (adjusted odds ratio, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.58-4.80) liver fibrosis. Adjusted weighted-prevalence of significant liver fibrosis among MASLD with episodic heavy drinking (23.6%; 95% CI, 17.6%-29.6%) was higher than MASLD without episodic heavy drinking (15.6%; 95% CI, 13.5%-17.6%]). Subgroup prevalence using consensus nomenclature vs including episodic heavy drinking as MetALD or ALD decreased the weighted prevalence of MASLD (48.0%; 95% CI, 46.0%-50.0% to 40.4%; 95% CI, 38.5%-42.4%), increased MetALD (5.3%; 95% CI, 4.6%-6.1% to 12.9%; 95% CI, 11.9%-13.9%), whereas ALD was similar (1.9%; 95% CI, 1.5%-2.3% to 2.1%; 95% CI, 1.7%-2.5%).
Conclusions:
Episodic heavy drinking is prevalent in MASLD and associated with 3-fold higher odds of advanced liver fibrosis. Reclassifying these patients to MetALD would more than double the estimated prevalence of MetALD.
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