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Embodied Immunity: Place, Inequality, and Reproductive Outcomes in Two US Communities.

C Manthey1,2, T E Gildner3, S S Urlacher4

  • 1Department of Anthropology, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnancy loss is not solely explained by immune markers, but by the cumulative effects of environmental and social factors over a woman's life. Further research is needed to understand these complex biocultural determinants.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune dysregulation is linked to adverse reproductive outcomes.
  • Biocultural determinants of pregnancy loss, including environmental inequality and life history, are underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how environmental inequality and embodied life history factors intersect to shape pregnancy loss.
  • To investigate the association between immune activation markers and pregnancy loss.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 112 women (ages 22-84) in rural Mississippi and peri-urban Illinois with prior pregnancies.
  • Surveys captured demographic, health, and reproductive histories.
  • Dried blood spot analysis for C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and immunoglobulin G (IgG).

Main Results:

  • 32.6% of participants reported at least one pregnancy loss, with higher rates in Illinois (41.2%) than Mississippi (22.0%).
  • Immune markers (CRP, IgE, IgG) did not independently predict pregnancy loss after excluding acute inflammation.
  • Only the number of pregnancies significantly predicted pregnancy loss in adjusted models.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancy loss may be better explained by the cumulative embodiment of environmental and social conditions rather than isolated immune biomarkers.
  • Immune markers reflect immune ecology, influenced by infections, exposures, and long-term environmental inequality.
  • The biocultural context significantly influences reproductive outcomes, necessitating a holistic approach to understanding pregnancy loss.