Multifunctional Electrospun Nanofibers for Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds: An In-Depth Review

Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery, particularly in the treatment of skin disorders, chronic wounds, and oral ulcers. Their high surface area, porosity, and structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix (ECM) offer excellent drug-loading capacity, controlled release, and tissue integration. This review uniquely emphasises the integration of plant-derived bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, quercetin, hesperidin, and Aloe vera, into multifunctional electrospun nanofiber systems. Unlike existing reviews that focus on either nanofiber fabrication or herbal therapeutics, this work bridges the two by exploring advanced techniques such as coaxial and emulsion electrospinning, smart stimuli-responsive systems, and hybrid polymer matrices. It also discusses the synergistic role of natural (e.g., chitosan, silk fibroin) and synthetic polymers (e.g., PVA, PLA, PVP) in enhancing therapeutic outcomes, mechanical strength, and bioavailability. Furthermore, it identifies key challenges such as dual-drug compatibility, stability, regulatory barriers, and translational gaps. Finally, it explores prospects including biosensor integration, nanocarrier embedding, and personalized therapy, thereby offering a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on plant-based nanofiber technologies in modern medicine.