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Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

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Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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LIVS Dictionary: reference values for lumbar reference values for lumbar intervertebral spacing in a Chinese

Jianfei Hou1,2, Zhen Ye3, Yaru Wang3

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy Lab, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.

Asian Spine Journal
|April 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study established a Lumbar Intervertebral Space (LIVS) Dictionary using CT scans to identify sex-specific differences and age-related changes. The LIVS Dictionary aids in detecting ligamentous injuries with high accuracy.

Keywords:
Computed tomographyFractureLumbar vertebraeLumbarization

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Imaging
  • Anatomy
  • Spine Biomechanics

Background:

  • Lumbar intervertebral space (LIVS) alterations can result from spinal injuries.
  • A standardized reference system is needed to accurately assess LIVS morphology and detect injuries.
  • Existing methods lack comprehensive, sex-specific normative data for LIVS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the first computed tomography (CT)-based Lumbar Intervertebral Space (LIVS) Dictionary.
  • To define sex-specific normative data for LIVS parameters.
  • To evaluate the LIVS Dictionary's efficacy in detecting ligamentous injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of whole-abdominal CT scans from 457 asymptomatic adults.
  • Quantification of 28 LIVS parameters across seven anatomical regions using 3D Slicer.
  • Validation using a cohort of 87 patients with lumbar fractures and advanced statistical analysis including Elastic Net ROC curve.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-specific differences in LIVS parameters were observed, with males generally having larger spaces.
  • Age-related degeneration patterns differed between sexes, with males showing progressive reduction and females exhibiting localized decline after 80.
  • The Elastic Net model achieved high diagnostic performance (AUC=0.90, accuracy=0.94) in detecting injuries, particularly transverse process fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Lumbar spine injuries cause measurable changes in LIVS morphology.
  • The LIVS Dictionary offers a validated framework for identifying these changes, accounting for sex, age, and fracture type.
  • This system supports clinical evaluation, biomechanical modeling, and forensic analysis of spinal stability.