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Related Concept Videos

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Nondisjunction01:29

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Multinucleation in the Human Embryo's First Mitosis: Linking Spindle Geometry Defects, SAC Tolerance, Chromosome

Yuki Ono1, Yukihiro Terada1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan.

Reproductive Medicine and Biology
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Summary

Aberrant spindle geometry during early human embryo mitosis can lead to multinucleation, impairing development. This review links spindle shape defects to multinucleation via chromosome misattachments and inefficient nuclear assembly, impacting reproductive medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Reproductive medicine

Background:

  • Multinucleation is frequent in early human embryo mitosis and linked to poor developmental potential.
  • Spindle geometry collapse, including low-aspect ratio and pole defocusing, correlates with multinucleation.
  • Molecular mechanisms connecting abnormal spindle shape to multinucleation are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and integrate evidence on mechanisms linking spindle geometry defects to multinucleation in human embryos.
  • To outline plausible mechanistic routes from aberrant spindle shape to multinucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a narrative review of published studies.
  • Focused on spindle geometry control, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, error correction, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling, chromosome transport, and telophase nuclear assembly.
  • Organized evidence to propose mechanistic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Spindle geometry defects likely increase kinetochore-microtubule misattachments and chromosome dispersion.
  • Spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling may allow anaphase onset with residual errors in early embryos.
  • Large embryonic cells may exhibit inefficient chromatin reintegration and nuclear assembly, promoting multinucleation.

Conclusions:

  • Provides an integrated view linking spindle shape failure to multinucleation in early human embryo mitosis.
  • Informs mechanistic studies on early embryonic development.
  • Contributes to advances in reproductive medicine and infertility treatment.