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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Advancements in Spermatogenesis In Vitro: From Murine Success to Human Applications.

Maki Kamoshita1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Veterinary Science Azabu University Sagamihara Japan.

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|April 6, 2026
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In vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) shows promise for male infertility, but human applications lag behind rodent success. Further research is needed to overcome species-specific barriers and ensure safety for clinical use.

Keywords:
in vitro spermatogenesismale infertilitymicrofluidicsseminiferous tubuletesticular organoids

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Bioengineering

Background:

  • Male infertility due to spermatogenic failure is a significant global health issue.
  • In vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) presents a potential solution for fertility preservation.
  • Replicating the intricate, species-specific testicular niche for IVS is a major challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress and identify bottlenecks in in vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) across various species.
  • To evaluate different IVS methodologies and their technical evolution.
  • To compare IVS success rates and challenges in rodents, primates, domestic animals, and humans.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature synthesis of IVS methodologies.
  • Analysis of techniques including organ culture, microfluidics, 3D organoids, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived systems.
  • Evaluation of the technical evolution from early methods to advanced bioengineering platforms.

Main Results:

  • Rodent IVS systems consistently produce fertile offspring.
  • Human and non-human primate IVS models exhibit meiotic arrest, often stagnating at pre-meiotic stages.
  • Domestic animal IVS shows low efficiency, occasionally yielding haploid cells, with disrupted cell communication identified as a key failure driver.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist between rodent IVS success and human clinical application.
  • Integrating developmental biology with precision engineering is crucial for advancing human IVS.
  • Future research must prioritize epigenetic and functional validation for safe and effective clinical reproductive medicine.