Plant-derived extracellular vesicles in skin and bone tissue engineering: current status, challenges, and future...

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Regenerative Medicine
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles with therapeutic potential in tissue engineering.
• PDEVs exhibit low immunogenicity, inherent bioactivity, and serve as drug delivery vehicles.
• They offer advantages over mammalian extracellular vesicles, including reduced ethical concerns and immune rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of PDEV properties, isolation, and applications in tissue engineering.
• To highlight the role of PDEVs in promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation for tissue regeneration.
• To discuss the therapeutic efficacy and potential of engineered PDEVs for tailored regenerative strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review synthesizing current understanding of PDEVs.
• Analysis of PDEV properties, isolation techniques, and therapeutic applications.
• Discussion of challenges and future perspectives for clinical translation.

Main Results:

• PDEVs facilitate cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation, crucial for tissue regeneration.
• Various plant sources yield PDEVs with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in different tissue engineering contexts.
• Engineered PDEVs offer potential for customized regenerative approaches.

Conclusions:

• PDEVs possess multifunctional potential for tissue repair and regeneration.
• Standardized isolation protocols and long-term in vivo safety assessments are critical for clinical translation.
• PDEVs represent promising innovative tools for regenerative medicine, either via innate bioactivity or as drug delivery systems.