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Related Concept Videos

The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

The Blood-brain Barrier

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Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
The blood endothelial barrier is the most porous of these. It allows all small ionized, un-ionized, and lipophilic molecules to pass through the endothelial lining into the interstitial space...
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers01:23

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Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
The capillary endothelial barrier allows only smaller molecules below 600 Da (Daltons) to pass through. It also restricts drugs like heparin that are bound to blood components, limiting their movement within the bloodstream.
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Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
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Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

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Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
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Drug Distribution: Overview01:11

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Drug distribution within the body is a dynamic process involving the movement of a drug in two directions across various compartments: from the bloodstream into tissues (tissue uptake) and from tissues back into the bloodstream (tissue release or redistribution). This process is passive and primarily driven by two variables: the concentration gradient between the bloodstream and the extravascular tissues and the drug's ability to cross the cell membrane.
Initially, the free drug in the...
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A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain
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Blood-Brain Barrier: Structure, Function, Diseases, and Drug Delivery Systems.

Yanan He1, Mengyao Qu1, Lu Yu1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain but hinders drug delivery. This review explores innovative strategies to overcome BBB challenges for treating neurological disorders.

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blood–brain barrierdrug delivery systemsischemic strokenanoparticlesneurological diseasesneurovascular unittargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical neurovascular interface.
  • It protects the central nervous system but impedes therapeutic access.
  • BBB dysfunction is linked to major neurological diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review BBB structure, function, and role in disease.
  • To evaluate novel drug delivery strategies for brain disorders.
  • To identify future research directions for BBB therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic examination of BBB organization and function.
  • Analysis of passive and active drug targeting approaches.
  • Evaluation of stimuli-responsive systems and nanoplatforms.

Main Results:

  • BBB restricts over 98% of small molecules and nearly all large molecules.
  • BBB dysfunction is implicated in stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, MS, and brain tumors.
  • Various strategies show promise for enhancing brain drug delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming the BBB is crucial for treating neurological diseases.
  • Innovative approaches like nanoplatforms and focused ultrasound offer potential.
  • Further research and clinical translation are needed for next-generation therapeutics.