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This study presents four interval throwing programs (ITPs) for baseball players recovering from elbow injuries. These programs ensure a safe return to play by gradually increasing throwing workload and maintaining optimal acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR).

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Interval throwing programs (ITPs) are standard for baseball players returning from injury.
  • Advancements in biomechanics inform ITPs for gradual workload increases.
  • Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) treatments vary, impacting recovery timelines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe four ITP variations for non-operative and post-operative baseball injuries.
  • To explore ITP applications for UCL injuries.
  • To provide structured return-to-throw protocols for various elbow and shoulder injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Developed four ITPs (6-week, 12-week, 5-month, 7-month) based on elbow varus torque data from collegiate pitchers.
  • Estimated torque values for individual throws to calculate cumulative and acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR).
  • Applied a regression model to 238,611 throws to construct and analyze ITP workload progression.

Main Results:

  • All four ITPs demonstrated a gradual increase in chronic workload.
  • Programs maintained optimal ACWR (0.7-1.3) for 91-100% of their duration.
  • Final chronic workloads ranged from 7.6 to 10.8.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ITPs facilitate a controlled increase in throwing workload for injured baseball players.
  • These varied ITPs serve as adaptable models for diverse throwing arm injuries and surgical procedures.
  • Maintaining optimal ACWR is crucial for safe progression in interval throwing programs.