Therapeutic Potential of Macroalgae- and Microalgae-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Parkinson's Disease

Marine macroalgae and microalgae are valuable natural sources of diverse bioactive compounds, such as carbohydrates, phenolics, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, fatty acids, and vitamins. These compounds exhibit a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-apoptotic effects. Recently, increasing evidence has highlighted their neuroprotective potential, especially in the context of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD). This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which algal-derived bioactive compounds exert neuroprotective effects, based on findings from both in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation and PD. Furthermore, we discuss the promising roles of these compounds as both disease-modifying agents and symptomatic therapies for PD.