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Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Cellular immunophenotyping in multiple sclerosis: advances and clinical implications.

Thiemo M Möllenkamp¹, Louisa Müller-Miny, Gerd Meyer Zu Hörste

¹Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.

Current Opinion in Neurology

|April 7, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Advances in immunophenotyping reveal distinct immune profiles in multiple sclerosis (MS). These insights aid in diagnosing MS, predicting disease progression, and personalizing treatment strategies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:

biomarkers cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry multiple sclerosis single-cell analysis

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Neurology
Medical Technology

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease with heterogeneous clinical presentations.
Immune system dysregulation is a key driver of MS pathogenesis.
Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MS require refinement to address disease heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent methodological advances in immunophenotyping for multiple sclerosis.
To discuss the clinical implications of these advances for MS diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
To highlight the potential of precision immunology in managing MS.

Main Methods:

High-dimensional flow cytometry and single-cell technologies.
Novel spectral flow and mass cytometry panels.
Analysis of immune cell subsets, including myeloid cells and tissue-resident T cells.

Main Results:

Immunophenotyping can define MS immunological endophenotypes linked to disease trajectories.
Distinct immune cell subsets are identified using advanced cytometry techniques.
Baseline immune signatures correlate with disease progression and treatment response, identifying patients at risk of rapid progression or treatment failure.
Immunophenotyping can guide treatment decisions, such as monitoring B-cell repopulation for personalized dosing.

Conclusions:

Immunophenotyping offers precise characterization of MS immuno-pathogenesis.
These advanced tools show promise for improving differential diagnosis and individualizing MS therapy.
Ongoing research and standardization are crucial for integrating precision immunology into clinical practice for MS management.