Underlying Framework of All-optical Controlled Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency. To address these issues, the exploration and development of all-optical controlled (AOC) synaptic devices represents a promising leap forward in neuromorphic computing, offering potential solutions to the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures. AOC synaptic devices, utilizing exclusively optical signals to emulate bidirectional modulation of synaptic weights, bypass the complexity and additional energy costs associated with conventional electrical or electro-optical hybrid signals. This review articulates the underlying framework and fundamental motivations for studying AOC synapses, while systematically reviewing current research progress. We particularly highlight the synergistic relationships among physical mechanisms, material behaviors, and device architectures, as well as neuromorphic computing based on optical writing and optical erasing of information. By systematically interpreting these multidimensional correlations, we propose scalable and reproducible strategies for device design. This work will certainly herald a substantial direction of AOC synapses, providing an ideal platform for exploring neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligence.