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Updated: Apr 9, 2026

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Insight into melting behavior of MSWI fly ash via multicomponent ternary systems and the regulatory role of AAEMs
Yuchen Li1, Liping Wen1, Xin Guo1
1Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
Abstract:
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) has been increasingly applied for waste treatment in recent years; however, slagging and alkali migration during high-temperature melting of fly ash remain critical issues affecting operational stability and environmental safety. A ternary system of (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) - (Na2O + K2O + NaCl + KCl) - (CaO + CaSO4) was established to evaluate the melting behavior of circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFBA) and grate furnace fly ash (GFA). The results showed that alkali oxides (Na2O and K2O) provided the most pronounced fluxing effect, reducing the fusion temperature (FT) of GFA to 901 °C and generating the widest low-temperature melting regions. Pure chlorides (NaCl and KCl) also facilitated low-temperature melting through the formation of fusible chloride-silicate and metallic phases, although their influence on GFA was attenuated by the stabilizing effect of Fe-Mg-Al oxides. In CFBA, the combined presence of Na2O, K2O, NaCl, and KCl further decreased the FT to 1036 °C. The CaO/CaSO4 ratio exhibited a strong regulatory effect in CFBA; a ratio of 2:1 markedly enlarged the low-temperature zone and lowered the FT to 712 °C, whereas its impact on GFA was comparatively minor. These results demonstrate that alkali chemical forms together with alkaline-earth metal balance governed the melting behavior of MSWI fly ash.
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