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Electrically modulated plasmonic metasurfaces for light communication.

Xinyu Wen1,2,3,4, Hongquan Yu2,3,4, Yangjiang Wu2,3,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Nature Communications
|April 7, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed low-voltage, highly sensitive plasmonic metasurfaces for light communication (LC). These tunable devices enable continuous wavelength modulation, advancing optical communication and optoelectronic circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Nanotechnology
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Metasurfaces offer light field manipulation but face limitations in voltage, sensitivity, and spectral range for light communication (LC).
  • Existing electrically modulated metasurfaces often require high operating voltages and lack sufficient tuning sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate electrically modulated plasmonic metasurfaces with enhanced performance for light communication.
  • To achieve continuous and reversible wavelength modulation at low, CMOS-compatible voltages.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of plasmonic metasurfaces using metal nanoparticle lattices immersed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gold electrodes on transparent conductive oxide (TCO)/quartz.
  • Utilized simulations and experimental validation to analyze wavelength modulation mechanisms.
  • Investigated the synergistic effects of refractive index variation and the Seebeck effect amplified by lattice modes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved continuous and reversible wavelength modulation with a tuning sensitivity of approximately 1 nm/V.
  • Operated the metasurfaces at a CMOS-compatible voltage below 5 V.
  • Demonstrated two light communication applications: single-mode spectral shifting for image transmission and multimode spectral shifts for a 1x3 encoder.

Conclusions:

  • The developed plasmonic metasurfaces overcome limitations of previous designs, offering high sensitivity and low operating voltage.
  • The synergistic modulation mechanism involving DMSO, TCO, and lattice modes is key to the enhanced performance.
  • These tunable metasurfaces represent a significant advancement for optical communication and integrated optoelectronic circuits.