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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management01:28

Cardiomyopathy VII: Pre and Post Operative Nursing Management

435
Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy may undergo a septal myectomy (Morrow procedure). This procedure involves excising a portion of the hypertrophied septum below the aortic valve using a heart-lung machine to improve blood flow through the LVOT. Effective preoperative and postoperative nursing management ensures successful patient outcomes, minimizes complications, and...
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Pericarditis IV: Nursing Management01:25

Pericarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, necessitates diligent nursing management to ensure effective patient care and recovery. The initial step in managing pericarditis is a comprehensive patient medical assessment.The patient reports chest pain aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing, which worsens when lying supine. The pain often improves when sitting up and leaning forward. Additional symptoms may include fever, malaise, and, in severe cases, signs of heart failure.
575
Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management01:29

Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management

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Assessment: Nursing management of patients with cardiomyopathy begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's history, including a family history of cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death, personal history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and any alcohol consumption or drug use.During the physical examination, assess vital signs, look for signs of heart failure (such as edema, jugular venous distention, and cyanosis), auscultate for abnormal heart sounds (like murmurs and gallops),...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management01:19

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

535
The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...
535
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

679
Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
679
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

786
Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
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Lactation Safety in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Hirra Khalid1, Aaron Kim1, Timothy Lau1

  • 1From the Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY.

Cardiology in Review
|April 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) involves heart failure during pregnancy or postpartum. A specific prolactin (PRL) fragment, not total PRL levels, drives PPCM severity, impacting breastfeeding safety.

Keywords:
LactMed databaseTTN variantsbromocriptinecleaved 16-kDa prolactin fragmentgoal-directed medical therapyheart failurelactationperipartum cardiomyopathyprolactin

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare heart failure affecting women during late pregnancy or postpartum.
  • It involves left ventricular systolic dysfunction without prior heart disease.
  • The exact pathophysiology of PPCM is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on hormonal dysregulation, specifically prolactin (PRL), in PPCM development.
  • To emphasize the role of the 16-kDa PRL fragment in PPCM.
  • To assess the safety of breastfeeding in PPCM patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and clinical studies on PPCM.
  • Analysis of the role of prolactin (PRL) and its fragments in disease pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of data concerning lactation in women with PPCM.

Main Results:

  • Elevated prolactin (PRL) levels are observed in PPCM.
  • A 16-kDa PRL fragment, generated by oxidative stress, exhibits pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects.
  • The 16-kDa PRL fragment, not total PRL, correlates with PPCM severity.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal dysregulation, particularly the 16-kDa PRL fragment, plays a key role in PPCM.
  • Understanding this mechanism informs targeted therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research is needed to clarify breastfeeding safety in PPCM.