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Developing core concepts in pharmacy administration and leadership training
Michael Stepanovic1, Cassandra L Bright2, Uyen N Doan2
1Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Purpose:
To identify and establish core concepts through expert consensus, providing a standardized framework for curriculum development in pharmacy administration and leadership (PAL) training.
Methods:
A modified Delphi methodology was employed in the spring and summer of 2024, utilizing iterative rounds of surveys distributed via Qualtrics to an expert panel of 85 pharmacy administrators and leaders. The initial list of 13 core concepts was derived from prior research on healthcare management programs. Through multiple rounds of feedback and refinement, consensus was determined using an a priori 80% endorsement threshold, consistent with or more rigorous than previous Delphi studies in pharmacy education. Qualitative responses were analyzed using thematic analysis to refine definitions and core concept titles.
Results:
In round 1, 11 of 13 core concepts met the consensus threshold, while "operations management" (79%) and "innovation and entrepreneurship" (74%) were refined based on feedback. "Supply chain management" was added as a standalone concept. In round 2, 14 concepts were reviewed, with 13 achieving consensus and "innovation and entrepreneurship" recommended to be further integrated into other concepts. Round 3 finalized 13 core concepts, 9 of which received 100% endorsement.
Conclusion:
The 13 core concepts provide a standardized framework to guide curriculum development in master's programs, residencies, and other PAL training initiatives. These core concepts can help address the leadership gap in pharmacy by ensuring graduates acquire the essential knowledge and competencies needed to lead healthcare organizations effectively. Future research should explore integrating these concepts into accreditation standards and assessing their impact on educational outcomes.
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