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A Defect-Engineered Vacuum Evaporation Strategy for High-Efficiency Indoor Perovskite Mini Solar Modules.

Shih-Han Huang1, Ssu-Yung Chung1, Fang-Chun Su2

  • 1Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.

Small Methods
|April 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fully vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieve record indoor power conversion efficiencies over 41% using a novel sequential evaporation method. This scalable technique enhances phase conversion and reduces defects for improved indoor light harvesting.

Keywords:
defect passivationfully evaporatedindoorperovskite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Fully vacuum-evaporated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising for indoor photovoltaics due to their solvent-free and scalable nature.
  • However, their performance is often hindered by incomplete phase conversion and high defect densities, limiting efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sequential vacuum-evaporation strategy for high-quality perovskite absorbers optimized for indoor light harvesting.
  • To improve phase conversion, reduce defect densities, and enhance the performance and stability of fully evaporated PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • A sequential vacuum-evaporation technique involving co-evaporation of PbI2 with PbCl2 to disrupt PbI2 stacking and promote interdiffusion.
  • Introduction of a CsI interlayer before thermal annealing to stabilize the perovskite phase and suppress defects.
  • Characterization of device performance under indoor lighting conditions (TL84 illumination at 900 and 300 lux).

Main Results:

  • Record indoor power conversion efficiencies of 41.60% (900 lux) and 41.22% (300 lux) achieved with optimized fully evaporated PSCs.
  • Transient photovoltage and photocurrent analyses indicated prolonged carrier lifetimes and accelerated charge extraction, signifying reduced nonradiative recombination.
  • Demonstrated enhanced operational stability and a perovskite mini-module (3.9 cm2) exceeding 38% efficiency at 900 lux.

Conclusions:

  • The sequential vacuum-evaporation strategy offers a practical and industrially compatible pathway for high-performance, scalable perovskite photovoltaics.
  • This approach effectively addresses challenges of phase conversion and defect formation in fully evaporated PSCs.
  • The developed PSCs are well-suited for next-generation self-powered indoor electronic systems.