Membrane integrity control - from lipids to proteins and back to lipids

Membrane integrity is vital for cell survival and function. Despite constant mechanical and chemical challenges, cellular membranes exhibit remarkable resilience through highly coordinated protective and repair mechanisms. Here, we outline a mechanistic framework in which biological membranes function as dynamic mechano-chemical integrators, linking lipid physicochemical properties with protein-mediated stress responses and Ca2+ signaling to maintain membrane integrity. We further discuss how intrinsic bilayer features give rise to both distinct and shared strategies that safeguard membrane homeostasis. We also highlight the emerging roles of lipid transporters and biomolecular condensates in membrane stress surveillance and repair. Collectively, we propose that lipid-protein-lipid feedback loops, in which membrane perturbations activate protein effectors that remodel bilayer composition or organization, form robust circuits enabling rapid sensing, signal amplification, and membrane adaptation and repair, thereby preserving membrane integrity under fluctuating stress conditions.