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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Routine neutral glenoid version targets in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: Time for a patient-specific,

Amir Koutp^1,2, Igor Shirinskiy^1,3,4, Thibault Lafosse¹

¹Alps Surgery Institute, Clinique Generale Annecy, Annecy, France.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA

|April 9, 2026

Summary

Strictly correcting glenoid retroversion to neutral in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) may not be necessary. Evidence suggests a functional "safe window" exists, and patient-specific planning is more beneficial than rigid correction.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomedical Engineering
Radiology

Background:

Current reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) practices often involve routine correction of glenoid retroversion to neutral.

Keywords:

biomechanics constitutional anatomy glenoid retroversion patient‐specific planning reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

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There is growing debate regarding the clinical necessity of strict glenoid neutralization in rTSA.