Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

61.7K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.7K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.3K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.3K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

9.3K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
9.3K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

3.3K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
3.3K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

5.1K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
5.1K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

11.9K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

PAPOLA-mediated hyperactive polyadenylation promotes leukemogenesis and leukemia stem cell self-renewal through metabolic reprogramming.

Nature cancer·2026
Same author

Predicting drug release from polymeric long-acting injectables using a machine learning approach to decode formulation-performance relationships.

Drug delivery and translational research·2026
Same author

Privacy-Preserving Virtual Contrast-enhanced MRI for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multi-center Study.

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics·2026
Same author

Observation of non-adiabatic non-Abelian braiding of matter waves.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

A Pressure Difference-Based Strategy for Blood Oxygen Control in Membrane Oxygenators: Reduced Modeling, Computational Simulation, and Exploratory In Vivo Evaluation.

Annals of biomedical engineering·2026
Same author

GLLA: A Unified Force-Directed Graph Layout Framework Supporting Local Adjustments.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K

State-Dependent Organization of Microscale Functional Circuitry in Visual Cortex.

Rahul Biswas1,2, Hasika Wickrama Senevirathne3, Yujing Wang3

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Brain state influences visual cortex circuitry. Researchers mapped functional connections in mouse visual cortex, revealing arousal-dependent pathways and cell-type specific organization, offering insights into neural processing.

More Related Videos

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
09:55

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Published on: September 5, 2018

9.0K
Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
08:49

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

13.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K
Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex
09:55

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

Published on: September 5, 2018

9.0K
Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices
08:49

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

13.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Brain states significantly alter sensory processing in the visual cortex.
  • Understanding how these states affect functional neural circuitry at the single-neuron level is crucial but largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct a large-scale functional circuit map of the mouse visual cortex across different arousal states.
  • To investigate the organization and dynamics of directed neural connections at single-neuron resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized calcium imaging of over 57,000 neurons across four visual areas and five cortical layers.
  • Employed a time-aware causal inference framework to analyze functional connectivity.
  • Integrated electron microscopy reconstructions for 6,597 neuron pairs to link structure and function.

Main Results:

  • Intra-areal connections dominate, with the anterolateral (AL) area showing high density and the AL↔rostrolateral (RL) axis forming the strongest inter-areal pathway.
  • Layer 6 recurrence is prominent within layers, while layer 5-to-6 connections dominate low arousal and layer 4-to-5 in high arousal.
  • Structure-function coupling weakens in high arousal, and spatial extent of connections varies by cell type and arousal state.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a comprehensive, single-neuron resolution map of functional circuitry in the mouse visual cortex across arousal states.
  • Findings reveal multi-scale organizational principles and arousal-dependent modulation of neural pathways.
  • The results offer critical insights into how brain states shape information flow and processing in the visual system.