Caveolin in extracellular vesicles: orchestrating interorgan communication in diabetes-associated cardiovascular...

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been recognized as critical mediators of intercellular communication, impacting processes such as inflammation, tissue repair, and cardiovascular disease progression. Conventionally, research has focused on the general role of sEVs in mediating the signals among cell-cell communication without specifically considering the underlying molecular regulators. However, recent insights highlight the emerging importance of Caveolin, a protein integral to the formation of caveolae, in the regulation of EV biogenesis and release, particularly exosomes. This review underscores the novel role of Caveolin in sEV in shaping interorgan communication via sEV-mediated signaling and how it alters the cardiovascular disease development via modulating multiple pathways. These causes of sEVs transport crucial signaling molecules, including small RNAs and proteins, capable of modulating disease progression positively or negatively. Furthermore, we emphasize novel developments regarding Caveolin-1's influence on diabetes-related cardiovascular pathologies and metabolic disturbances, specifically insulin secretion, insulin signaling, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and diabetes-associated complications. By bridging traditional views with recent advancements, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of Caveolin-1's potential as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.