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Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Coordination flexibility and function in tris(pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate coordination chemistry.

Arantxa Forte-Castro¹, Juana M Pérez¹, Ignacio Fernández¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain. ifernan@ual.es.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|April 10, 2026

Summary

Tris(pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate (Tpms) ligands offer robust, water-compatible platforms for diverse metal complexes. Their tunable coordination and stability enable applications in catalysis and materials science.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Tris(pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate (Tpms) ligands are water-compatible scorpionate platforms.
They combine N,N,N donor sets with a sulfonate group, enhancing stability and solubility.
Tpms chemistry has evolved into diverse metal complexes across the periodic table.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically analyze structure-property relationships in Tpms coordination.
To assess the functional applications of Tpms complexes in catalysis and materials.
To identify future challenges and opportunities in Tpms ligand design and application.

Main Methods:

Review and analysis of existing literature on Tpms chemistry.
Structure-property relationship analysis of Tpms coordination modes, stability, and dimensionality.
Assessment of functional applications in catalysis (oxidation, carbonylation), C-C bond formation, and coordination polymers.

Main Results:

Tpms ligands exhibit tunable coordination (κ 3/κ 2 switching) and influence metal-center environments.
The sulfonate group's engagement as a non-coordinating or auxiliary donor impacts complex properties.
Tpms complexes show promise in oxidation/carbonylation catalysis, Lewis-acid catalysis, and biologically active systems.

Conclusions:

Tpms ligands are versatile scaffolds for designing functional inorganic materials and catalysts.
Further research should focus on rational ligand design for controlled sulfonate engagement.
Mechanistic studies under green conditions and exploration of new applications are key future directions.