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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Environmental pathogen surveillance in cities without universal piped wastewater infrastructure.

Drew Capone1, Marcia Chiluvane2, Victoria Cumbane2

  • 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America.

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Summary

Environmental pathogen surveillance in diverse water and soil matrices can inform public health in cities lacking traditional wastewater services. This study in Maputo, Mozambique, highlights its potential for exposure assessment and intervention design.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Public health
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Conventional wastewater surveillance is limited in low- and middle-income countries due to lack of infrastructure.
  • Environmental surveillance beyond wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) offers alternative public health insights.
  • Understanding pathogen distribution in various environmental matrices is crucial for exposure assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of environmental surveillance beyond conventional wastewater systems.
  • To measure pathogen and fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in diverse environmental samples.
  • To assess the utility of this approach for public health responses in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Pathogen, source-tracking markers, and fecal indicator bacteria were measured using multi-parallel RT-qPCR.
  • Samples were collected from WWTP influent/effluent, surface discharges, river water, soils, drains, stormwater, and fecal sludges.
  • Regression modeling was used to analyze pathogen concentrations in relation to environmental factors like precipitation.

Main Results:

  • A wide range of pathogens were detected across all environmental matrices.
  • Pathogen concentrations were generally lower in environmental samples compared to WWTP influent.
  • Increased precipitation was associated with higher pathogen concentrations in all matrices.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental pathogen surveillance is a viable tool for informing public health in cities without comprehensive wastewater services.
  • Diverse environmental matrices provide valuable data on pathogen flows and potential exposure routes.
  • This approach has broad applications for public health interventions and evaluating control programs.