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Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

Published on: November 8, 2012

Surface-based tractography uncovers 'what' and 'where' pathways in prefrontal cortex.

Marco Bedini¹, Emanuele Olivetti², Paolo Avesani²

¹Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

|April 10, 2026

Summary

The frontal eye field (FEF) and inferior frontal junction (IFJ) connect differently to visual streams. FEF links to the dorsal stream for spatial tasks, while IFJ connects to the ventral stream for non-spatial tasks.

Keywords:

Connectivity fingerprints Diffusion MRI Frontal eye field Inferior frontal junction Structural connectivity Superior longitudinal fasciculus Two visual streams

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Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

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Published on: May 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroanatomy

Background:

The frontal eye field (FEF) and inferior frontal junction (IFJ) are prefrontal regions involved in top-down control.
Neuroimaging suggests FEF specializes in spatial processing and IFJ in non-spatial processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if unique structural connectivity patterns underlie the specialized roles of FEF and IFJ.
To map the structural connections of FEF and IFJ to the dorsal and ventral visual streams.

Main Methods:

Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis to localize FEF and IFJ.
Surface-based probabilistic tractography in 56 subjects to track white matter connections.
Utilized the Glasser et al. (2016) multimodal atlas for brain parcellation.

Main Results:

FEF showed predominant structural connectivity to the dorsal visual stream, especially in the left hemisphere.
IFJ exhibited predominant structural connectivity to the ventral visual stream bilaterally.
The superior longitudinal fasciculus's first and third branches were implicated as segregated pathways connecting FEF and IFJ to the posterior parietal cortex.

Conclusions:

Structural connectivity fingerprints support the specialization of FEF for spatial control and IFJ for non-spatial control.
These findings suggest visual stream architectures extend into the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex.
Provides converging anatomical evidence for distinct functional roles based on connectivity.