Preparedness for small modular reactors: an analysis of key actors in Sweden

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are increasingly promoted as part of future fossil-free energy systems, yet they may introduce new types of risks and involve a broader set of actors compared to conventional nuclear power plants. The study examines how key actors in Sweden understand SMRs and interpret their roles in radiation emergency preparedness. This qualitative study is based on qualitative interviews with actors involved in emergency preparedness for potential SMR deployment, a context shaped by Sweden's recent policy shift toward expanded nuclear energy. Findings show that expectations of SMRs are generally high, and benefits tend to overshadow considerations of radiation risks. Among newcomer actors, emergency preparedness is widely perceived as an issue that can be addressed later in the SMR development process rather than as an integral part of early strategic planning. Among actors with previous experience of radiation risks, SMRs do not entail any major changes or challenges. As a result, a broad preparedness culture-including early engagement across organisational boundaries and systematic integration of radiation emergency preparedness-is not yet discernible. These gaps warrant continued attention as SMR initiatives advance.