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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

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Published on: January 10, 2017

High-Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells: Toward Sustainable Smart Windows With Flexibility, Semitransparency, and

Jianxiao Wang^1,2,3, Chenyu Han¹, Fuzhen Bi^1,2,3

¹State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|April 11, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed new additives to control polymer stacking in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). This strategy achieved high efficiencies for both rigid and flexible devices, paving the way for efficient, semitransparent solar windows.

Keywords:

additive all‐polymer solar cells flexible layer‐by‐layer semitransparent

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Last Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

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Published on: March 2, 2021

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

Published on: July 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Organic Electronics
Photovoltaics

Background:

Layer-by-layer (LBL) all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) offer tunable morphology for high efficiency.
Optimizing donor/acceptor interactions and vertical phase distribution is key for advanced all-PSC fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify additives that induce ordered stacking in polymer donors.
To independently optimize polymer donor and acceptor aggregation and vertical phase distribution in LBL all-PSCs.
To develop high-efficiency, semitransparent, and flexible all-PSCs.

Main Methods:

Identified 1-methoxynaphthalene (1-MeON) as an additive for ordered polymer donor stacking.
Employed distinct additives to optimize donor/acceptor aggregation and vertical phase distribution.
Fabricated rigid and flexible binary LBL all-PSCs using the optimized strategy.

Main Results:

Achieved certified efficiencies of 19.60% for rigid and 18.76% for flexible binary devices.
Developed thickness-tunable donor layers for semitransparent devices with efficiencies of 16.07% (rigid) and 15.17% (flexible).
Flexible devices retained over 96% efficiency after 1000 bending cycles; semitransparent devices showed thermal insulation.

Conclusions:

The additive-based strategy significantly enhances charge management and device performance in LBL all-PSCs.
This approach enables high-performance semitransparent and flexible all-PSCs with practical applications in smart windows.
The study establishes a new paradigm for high-efficiency all-polymer solar cell development.