Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence01:26

Variables Affecting Phosphorescence and Fluorescence

Fluorescence and phosphorescence are essential phenomena in fields like analytical chemistry, biological imaging, and materials science, where they detect molecular properties and visualize cellular structures. Understanding the variables that influence these luminescent behaviors is crucial for maximizing accuracy and efficiency in their applications. These variables can broadly be grouped into chemical structure, solvent properties, and external conditions, each playing a distinct role in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interfacial Potential Compensation for HOMO Alignment in Ternary Organic Solar Cells.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Optimizing Intermediate Adsorption Through Frustrated Electron Transfer Strategy for Enhanced NO Reduction to Ammonia.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Ultra-High Dielectric Acceptor Enables 21% Efficiency and Thickness-Insensitive Organic Solar Cells.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Nitrogen-Mediated Lanthanide Electronic Perturbations Boost Oxygen Spillover on Nickel-Iron Electrocatalysts for Ultralong-Lifetime Oxygen Evolution.

Nano letters·2026
Same author

Mechanistic insights into electrochemical nitrate reduction over d- and p-block Cu-based single-atom alloy catalysts: a DFT study.

Nanoscale horizons·2026
Same author

Tuning Sulfur Reduction via Unique Radical-Mediated Solid-Liquid-Solid Pathway for High-Rate Aqueous Zn-S Batteries.

Nano letters·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

Synergistic Control of Radiative Decay and Exciton Splitting Dynamics for Efficient Organic Solar Cells Processed by

Xin Song1, Yunhan Gao2, Cheng Sun3

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel trimer, T-IOI, to improve organic solar cells (OSCs) using non-halogenated solvents. This advancement enhances photovoltaic performance and stability for large-area devices.

Keywords:
aggregationorganic solar cellsphase separationradiative decaysmall molecules

More Related Videos

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
11:26

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Published on: September 12, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
08:29

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Published on: January 10, 2017

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
11:26

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Published on: September 12, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs) requires non-halogenated solvents, but this often leads to lower photovoltaic performance.
  • Strategies to increase efficiency, like expanding donor/acceptor interfacial distance, can negatively impact morphology and reduce critical performance metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel third component (trimer, T-IOI) to overcome the trade-offs between efficiency and morphology in OSCs.
  • To enhance charge transfer (CT) state energy, CT/local excitation (LE) hybridization, and radiative decay dynamics (kr) for improved open-circuit voltage (Voc).

Main Methods:

  • Rational design of a novel trimer, T-IOI, incorporating steric hindrance and an extended, folded configuration.
  • Incorporation of T-IOI as a third component in a ternary organic solar cell blend.
  • Fabrication and characterization of small-area (0.06 cm2) and large-area (1 cm2) organic solar cell devices.

Main Results:

  • The T-IOI trimer improved miscibility, preventing large crystalline aggregates and broadening donor/acceptor interfaces.
  • Optimized devices with T-IOI showed a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 18.8% to 20.5% on small areas.
  • Large-area devices (1 cm2) achieved a PCE of 19.0%, outperforming the binary control (15.6%), with excellent reproducibility and stability (T80: 830 h).

Conclusions:

  • The novel T-IOI trimer effectively balances morphological control and electronic properties in organic solar cells.
  • This strategy enables high-performance, stable, and reproducible large-area organic solar cells fabricated using non-halogenated solvents.
  • The findings pave the way for the commercial viability of efficient and sustainable organic solar cell technology.