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Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species
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Provenance-Specific Chilling and Forcing Requirements Shape Spring Phenology in Three European Temperate Tree

Zhaofei Wu1, Manuel G Walde1, Ilka Beil2

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|April 11, 2026
PubMed
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Global warming impacts forest spring phenology. Reduced winter chilling delays budburst and lowers success, especially for species like Tilia cordata, affecting tree development and survival.

Keywords:
budburst successbudburst timingchilling accumulationforcing requirementtemperate treeswinter warming

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Area of Science:

  • Forest ecology
  • Plant physiology
  • Climate change biology

Background:

  • Global warming is altering spring phenology in temperate forests.
  • Temperature requirements for dormancy release and budburst vary among populations, complicating predictions.
  • This variation is crucial for understanding tree survival, growth, and ecological interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify chilling and forcing requirements for budburst in three deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata) across different provenances.
  • To investigate genetic variation in budburst timing and its relationship with chilling and forcing requirements.
  • To assess the impact of insufficient chilling on budburst success and its implications for canopy development.

Main Methods:

  • Saplings from four provenances per species (Spain to Poland) were overwintered in ambient or warmed chambers.
  • Monthly transfers to a climate chamber under constant forcing conditions simulated varying chilling exposure.
  • Budburst timing and success were recorded to determine chilling and forcing requirements.

Main Results:

  • Reduced chilling significantly delayed budburst, with Tilia cordata having the highest chilling requirement, followed by Fagus sylvatica, and Quercus robur the lowest.
  • Co- and counter-gradient patterns of genetic variation in budburst timing were observed among provenances, linked to chilling and forcing requirements and frost risk.
  • Insufficient chilling reduced budburst success by 25%-85%, severely impacting Tilia cordata, potentially constraining canopy development.

Conclusions:

  • Winter chilling is critical for regulating budburst timing and canopy development in deciduous trees.
  • Provenance-specific adaptations to chilling and forcing requirements are evident, influenced by local climatic conditions.
  • Species adapted to low chilling may be candidates for assisted migration to mitigate climate change impacts on forest ecosystems.