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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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From phosphate removal to slow-release fertilizer: A closed-loop strategy enabled by Fe-BTC@sponge continuous-flow

Saiyang Zhang1, Jiali Cui1, Xiangyu Lu1

  • 1College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.

Environmental Research
|April 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel Fe-BTC@sponge composite for efficient phosphate removal from water. This sustainable material also functions as a phosphorus fertilizer, enabling resource recovery and addressing water eutrophication.

Keywords:
Continuous flowFe-BTC@spongeMetal-organic frameworksPhosphorus adsorptionWater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Global water eutrophication is a significant environmental issue.
  • Phosphorus scarcity poses a threat to resource sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and sustainable technology for phosphorus recovery.
  • To create a high-performance phosphate adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a three-dimensional porous Fe-BTC composite on a cellulose sponge (Fe-BTC@sponge).
  • Integration into a custom continuous-flow filtration system.
  • Evaluation of adsorption efficiency, selectivity, and stability under dynamic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Fe-BTC@sponge demonstrated high phosphate adsorption efficiency and selectivity across a wide pH range (3-11).
  • The material maintained over 95% phosphate removal at 50 mL·min-1 for 24 hours.
  • Adsorption mechanisms include electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and ligand exchange.

Conclusions:

  • The Fe-BTC@sponge composite offers a high-performance solution for phosphate removal and resource recovery.
  • The spent adsorbent can be repurposed as a slow-release phosphorus fertilizer, promoting a circular economy.
  • This study presents an innovative strategy for sustainable wastewater purification.