Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

2.2K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
2.2K
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

4.5K
The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
4.5K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.9K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.9K
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

3.1K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Aptamer-Functionalized DNA Tetrahedra Loading GOx/HRP Cascade System for Targeted Therapy of Infected Wounds.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Spatially Defined DNA Origami Cell Engagers for T and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immune Modulation.

ACS nano·2026
Same author

Systematic Evolution of Pattern Recognition Aptamers for Bacterial Identification.

ACS sensors·2025
Same author

Light-Triggered Phase Separation for Enhanced DNA Computing.

ChemPlusChem·2025
Same author

DNA Origami-Based CD44-Targeted Therapy Silences Stat3 Enhances Cartilage Regeneration and Alleviates Osteoarthritis Progression.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025
Same author

Implementing complex nucleic acid circuits in living cells.

Science advances·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

8.5K

Programmable Assembly of Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells with Framework Nucleic Acids.

Jiaxian Zhou1, Ying Zhou1, Han Yang1

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.

Nano Letters
|April 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists created artificial antigen-presenting cells using framework nucleic acids (FNAs). These FNA-aAPCs precisely control ligand organization, enhancing T cell activation and mimicking natural immune responses.

Keywords:
Framework nucleic acidT cell activationTCR nanoclustersartificial antigen-presenting cellsimmune modulation

More Related Videos

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

15.9K
Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
13:18

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Published on: December 29, 2012

18.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

8.5K
HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

15.9K
Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
13:18

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell aAPC Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Published on: December 29, 2012

18.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Natural antigen-presenting cells rely on nanoscale ligand organization for T cell activation.
  • Mimicking the dynamic ligand reorganization in synthetic systems is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop artificial antigen-presenting cells (FNA-aAPCs) with programmable nanoscale control over ligand organization.
  • To investigate how adaptive ligand configurations influence T cell receptor (TCR) clustering and activation.

Main Methods:

  • Hierarchical assembly of tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) units to create FNA-aAPCs.
  • Precise regulation of anti-CD3 (αCD3) ligand spacing, valency, and density on FNA-aAPCs.
  • Assessment of T cell activation markers, cytokine secretion, TCR clustering, proliferation, and exhaustion.

Main Results:

  • FNA-aAPCs achieved adaptive nanoscale control over ligand organization, matching T cell receptor reorganization.
  • Shorter ligand spacing and higher valency synergistically enhanced T cell activation, evidenced by marker upregulation and cytokine secretion.
  • FNA-aAPCs promoted TCR clustering, T cell proliferation, and mitigated T cell exhaustion.

Conclusions:

  • Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) provide a programmable and biomimetic platform for engineering adaptive artificial immune interfaces.
  • Programmable and adaptive ligand configurations are crucial for directing T cell responses.
  • FNA-aAPCs represent a promising tool for advancing immunotherapy and understanding immune cell interactions.