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Spectrophotometric Determination of Phycobiliprotein Content in Cyanobacterium Synechocystis

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Photoacoustic Spectroscopy as a Method for Detecting Phycocyanin in Complex Biopolymeric Matrices.

Edgar Cano-Europa¹, Alejandro Londoño-Moreno², Brenda Hildeliza Camacho-Díaz³

¹Laboratorio de Investigación Transdiciplinaria y Traslacional, Departamento de FisiologíaEscuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Del Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México.

|April 13, 2026

Summary

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) effectively detects phycocyanin (PC) in complex biopolymer matrices. This matrix-tolerant technique overcomes limitations of traditional methods for analyzing this antioxidant phycobiliprotein.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Spectroscopy
Materials Science

Background:

Phycocyanin (PC), a phycobiliprotein from Arthrospira maxima, possesses significant antioxidant and therapeutic properties.
Spectroscopic characterization of PC is hindered by signal interference when encapsulated in complex biopolymeric matrices.
Traditional UV-Vis spectrophotometry struggles with optically dense or highly scattering samples.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) as a matrix-tolerant alternative for detecting phycocyanin (PC).
To assess PAS's efficacy in characterizing PC within various polysaccharide-based matrices.
To compare PAS with UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR spectroscopy, and optical microscopy for PC analysis.

Main Methods:

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) was employed to detect PC encapsulated in alginate, agavins, κ-carrageenan, and carboxymethyl cellulose matrices.
UV-vis spectrophotometry, FTIR spectroscopy, and optical microscopy were used for comparative analysis.
Characterization focused on optical absorption, structural features, and matrix-analyte interactions.

Main Results:

PAS successfully identified the characteristic PC absorption band (~620 nm) across all tested matrices and concentrations.
PAS performance was unaffected by matrix composition, morphology, or optical heterogeneity, even in challenging samples.
FTIR analysis revealed formulation-dependent interactions between PC and the polysaccharide matrices.
Optical microscopy indicated variations in encapsulate size and surface characteristics, which did not impede PAS detection.

Conclusions:

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a reliable, nondestructive method for identifying phycocyanin (PC) within diverse biopolymeric matrices.
PAS offers a significant advantage over transmission-based methods for analyzing PC in complex, optically challenging systems.
PAS shows strong potential as an analytical tool for nutraceutical characterization in biopolymer delivery systems.