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Updated: May 30, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Association between Clostridioides difficile Test Positivity and Colorectal Cancer Incidence in a Multisite

Samara Rifkin^1,2, Sean M Anderson³, Xingyu Chen⁴

¹Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Cancer Research Communications

|April 14, 2026

Summary

Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections significantly increase colorectal cancer risk. This finding supports further human research and potential microbiota-based therapies for prevention.

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Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer Risk and Prevalence by Stool DNA Integrity Detection

Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer Risk and Prevalence by Stool DNA Integrity Detection

Published on: June 8, 2020

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Oncology
Microbiology

Background:

Sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern.
Environmental factors, including gut dysbiosis and specific bacteria, are linked to CRC.
Emerging evidence suggests Clostridioides difficile toxin B may promote colon tumorigenesis in mouse models.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) test positivity and the risk of developing incident colorectal cancer in humans.
To analyze real-world human data to validate findings from animal studies.
To explore potential sex-based differences in the C. diff-CRC association.

Main Methods:

Analysis of a multicenter, longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) dataset.
Utilized unadjusted and multivariable Cox proportional hazard modeling.
Compared colorectal cancer risk between cohorts with recurrent C. diff positivity, single C. diff positivity, and no C. diff positivity.

Main Results:

Individuals with recurrent C. diff test positivity showed a significantly increased risk of incident colorectal cancer (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] = 2.05).
Those with a single C. diff positive test did not have a significantly increased risk (aHR = 0.70).
A trend suggested a stronger effect of C. diff positivity on CRC risk in females compared to males.

Conclusions:

Recurrent C. diff infections are associated with a doubled risk of developing colorectal cancer.
These findings provide crucial human evidence supporting mouse model research on C. diff and tumorigenesis.
Results may inform the development of targeted fecal microbiota-based therapies to prevent CRC sequelae in chronic C. diff patients.