Dry Eye Disease: From Mechanisms to Management and Future Directions

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Public Health

Background:

• Dry eye disease (DED) is a progressive, multifactorial condition with significant individual and societal impacts.
• Prevalence affects 10-20% of individuals over 40, with rising incidence in younger populations due to contact lens wear and digital device use.
• DED poses economic burdens and healthcare challenges globally.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the growing prevalence and impact of dry eye disease.
• To discuss advancements in DED diagnosis and treatment strategies.
• To emphasize the need for further epidemiological research, particularly in diverse and younger populations.

Main Methods:

• Review of current diagnostic methods for DED, including traditional tests (Schirmer, tear break-up time) and advanced techniques.
• Evaluation of emerging diagnostic approaches utilizing tear film analysis and ocular surface imaging.
• Exploration of artificial intelligence applications in DED diagnosis.

Main Results:

• DED prevalence is increasing globally across age groups.
• Diagnostic capabilities for DED are expanding with new technologies.
• Treatment focuses on combination therapies to manage inflammation and enhance visual comfort.

Conclusions:

• Dry eye disease is a significant and escalating public health concern.
• Integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are crucial for managing DED effectively.
• Continued research is essential to understand and combat the rising prevalence of DED.