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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Emerging CRISPR Approaches for Countering Immune Evasion: Insight from Recent Studies.

Sadam Abubakar1, Latifat Abdulsalam1, Lamin Fatty2

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cancer immunotherapy, using immune checkpoint blockades and adoptive cellular therapies, faces resistance from cancer immune evasion. Gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 offers a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness against challenging cancers.

Keywords:
cancer immunotherapygene editingimmune evasiontumor infiltrationtumor microenvironment (TME)

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) and adoptive cellular therapies (ACTs), is a vital treatment modality.
  • Cancer cells develop immune evasion mechanisms that limit the efficacy of current immunotherapies.
  • Key ICBs include programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4).
  • ACTs encompass Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) therapy, T Cell Receptor (TCR) therapy, and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cancer immune evasion mechanisms that confer resistance to immunotherapy.
  • To highlight the potential of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene-editing systems to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
  • To discuss emerging base editor technology for improving immunotherapy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on cancer immunotherapy, immune evasion, and gene-editing technologies.
  • Analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 applications in modifying immune cells and targeting tumor evasion mechanisms.
  • Exploration of base editing for enhancing natural killer (NK) cell and CAR-T cell therapies.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 systems can be utilized to edit immune checkpoints, TILs, and CAR-T cells, thereby boosting immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Gene disruption via CRISPR/Cas9 can hinder tumor immune evasion strategies.
  • Base editing shows promise in overcoming limitations in NK-cell-based immunotherapy, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mediated issues, and in engineering CAR-T cells.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing holds significant potential to overcome cancer immune evasion and improve immunotherapy outcomes.
  • Targeted gene editing can enhance the effectiveness of various immunotherapy approaches, including CAR-T and TIL therapies.
  • Emerging base editor technologies offer novel strategies to address specific challenges in cellular immunotherapies, paving the way for more effective cancer treatments.