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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Apple Cultivars in Response to Dual Cytokinin Applied In Vitro.

Viktor Ambrus1, Dóra Farkas2, Anita Király2

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dual cytokinins (BA and KIN) significantly boost apple shoot multiplication by triggering unique gene expression. This synergistic effect, rather than just increased concentration, reveals cultivar-specific molecular strategies for enhanced growth.

Keywords:
6-benzyladenineauxin transportcultivar-specific responsecv. Húsvéti rozmaringcv. McIntoshcytokininshormone metabolismhormone signalingkinetinsynergistic effect

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Horticulture

Background:

  • Standard apple propagation often uses single cytokinins.
  • Optimizing shoot multiplication is crucial for efficient apple cultivar propagation.
  • Understanding the molecular basis of cytokinin action is key to improving horticultural practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of dual cytokinins (BA and KIN) on shoot multiplication in two apple cultivars.
  • To analyze the transcriptomic response to simultaneous cytokinin application.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic cytokinin effects in apple.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological parameter assessment of shoot multiplication.
  • Comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) for gene expression validation.

Main Results:

  • The combination of BA and KIN induced unique transcriptomic signatures in both 'Húsvéti rozmaring' and 'McIntosh' cultivars, distinct from single cytokinin treatments.
  • A significant proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were uniquely regulated by the dual cytokinin treatment, indicating synergistic interactions.
  • Inter-cultivar comparisons revealed distinct molecular strategies: 'Húsvéti rozmaring' downregulated internal hormones, while 'McIntosh' utilized auxin signaling for enhanced bud release.

Conclusions:

  • Synergistic interactions between BA and KIN enhance apple shoot multiplication through cultivar-specific molecular pathways.
  • Dual cytokinin application offers a more effective strategy than single treatments by activating unique gene sets.
  • Understanding these distinct genetic mechanisms can guide the development of optimized propagation protocols for different apple cultivars.