Low-Cost Non-Invasive Microwave Glucose Sensor Based on Dual Complementary Split-Ring Resonator

Rapid and real-time monitoring of blood glucose concentration is critical for the diagnosis and management of diabetes, while conventional invasive detection methods suffer from inconvenience and discomfort, making non-invasive detection a research hotspot. In this study, a dual complementary split-ring resonator (DS-CSRR) operating at 3.3 GHz was designed and fabricated for non-invasive glucose concentration detection, aiming to address the problems of low sensitivity and large size of existing microwave glucose sensors. The sensor was fabricated on a low-cost FR4 dielectric substrate with dimensions of 20 × 30 × 0.8 mm³, and two U-shaped slots were incorporated into the traditional DS-CSRR structure to realize cross-polarization excitation. This design not only enhances the interaction between the electric field and glucose solution but also optimizes the quality factor (Q) and electric field distribution of the resonator without changing the overall size. Compared with the traditional DS-CSRR, the Q factor of the modified structure is increased to 130 under no-load conditions. The transmission coefficient Signal Port 2 to Port 1 (S21) of the sensor loaded with glucose solutions of different concentrations was measured using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The experimental results show a good linear frequency shift with the increase in glucose concentration, with a measured sensitivity of 1.95 kHz/(mg·dL^-1). In addition, the sensor is characterized by miniaturization, low cost and easy fabrication due to the adoption of standard PCB fabrication processes. This study successfully demonstrates a non-invasive microwave sensor with high sensitivity for glucose concentration detection, which has promising application potential in personal continuous glucose monitoring, and also provides a useful design strategy for the development of miniaturized high-sensitivity microwave biosensors.