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Sex disparities in STEMI pathophysiology: Presentation, treatments, and outcomes

Akash Gopal1, Swetha Reddy1, George G Kidess1

  • 1Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E Canfield St, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.

Global Cardiology Science & Practice
|April 14, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Sex disparities persist in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) despite improved care. This review highlights differences in STEMI pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, treatment, and outcomes, often leading to poorer results for women.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) rates are declining.
  • Care standards for STEMI have improved.
  • Significant sex disparities persist in STEMI patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize recent literature on sex differences in STEMI.
  • To highlight disparities in pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, diagnostics, and outcomes between men and women with STEMI.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent and relevant studies.
  • Synthesis of findings on sex-based differences in STEMI.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant differences between men and women in STEMI.
  • Observed interactions between disparities, leading to poorer outcomes for female STEMI patients.
  • Highlighted challenges in diagnosis and treatment for women.

Conclusions:

  • Sex disparities in STEMI remain a critical issue.
  • Evidence-based treatment plans offer hope for improving outcomes for female STEMI patients.

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