Kinesin-1 conformational dynamics are controlled by a cargo-sensitive TPR switch

Kinesin-1 is a dynamic heterotetrameric assembly of two heavy and two light chains (KHC and KLC) that mediates microtubule-based intracellular transport of many different cargoes. The complex adopts a compact, autoinhibited state that is activated by cargo-adaptor proteins containing specific short linear peptide motifs (SLiMs). These motifs interact with the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains of the KLCs. The mechanism coupling SLiM recognition to activation-associated conformational changes in the complex is unknown. Here, we combine protein design, computational modelling, biophysical analysis, and electron microscopy to examine the structural and mechanistic consequences of SLiM binding to the KLC-TPR domain within the complete heterotetrameric holoenzyme. We show that coiled coil 1 (CC1) of the KHC docks KLC TPR domains in the autoinhibited complex, forming the 'shoulder' feature observed in electron microscopy. Disrupting this interaction or binding an activating SLiM dislocates the TPR shoulder, freeing the motor domains and promoting transition between its closed, inactive, and open states. Opening the kinesin-1 complex facilitates binding to the microtubule-associated kinesin-1 cofactor, microtubule-associated protein 7 (MAP7). Therefore, cargo-mediated dislocation of the TPR shoulder serves as a key initial step in kinesin-1 activation, allosterically linking cargo binding to motor dynamics.