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Updated: Apr 16, 2026
An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
Published on: May 26, 2020
"Training load and functional performance associated with non-contact upper extremity injuries in overhead athletes:
Bayram Bilgi1, Arife Akbulut Bayrak1, Hidayet Beyhan2
1Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Health Science Faculty, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06760, Turkey.
Objective:
To examine the association between preseason kinetic chain-related postural alignment, neuromuscular control and functional performance and non-contact upper extremity injuries in overhead athletes.
Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Setting:
Field-based preseason screening with in-season injury surveillance.
Participants:
143 overhead athletes from 11 teams.
Main Outcome Measures:
Preseason assessments comprised spinal postural alignment, shoulder range of motion, the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUEST), the Single-Leg Squat Test (SLST) and weekly training volume. Non-contact upper extremity injuries were recorded throughout the season.
Methods:
Group comparisons used parametric and non-parametric tests; independent variables were identified with multivariable logistic regression.
Results:
Forty-five athletes (31.5%) sustained an upper extremity injury, 73.3% non-contact. Higher weekly training volume (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40), lower CKCUEST performance (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.98) and poorer SLST performance (good vs. poor: OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.010-0.622; moderate vs. poor: OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.047-0.596) were independently associated with risk. Sex, shoulder rotational asymmetry and static spinal alignment were not.
Conclusions:
Non-contact upper extremity injuries are linked to modifiable kinetic chain factors. Integrating CKCUEST and SLST with training-load monitoring into preseason screening may improve early risk identification.
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