Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 16, 2026

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior
Published on: March 2, 2015
A pilot study of pharmacogenomic testing as a tool to enhance depression care in Veterans
Kevin P Kennedy1,2, Kevin G Lynch3,4, Ryan Bremseth-Vining3
1VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA. kevin.kennedy2@va.gov.
Abstract:
Modest outcomes from pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in depression may be influenced by low rates of actionable gene-drug interactions. This 12-week pilot pragmatic randomized clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of selectively targeting PGx testing to depressed Veterans receiving psychiatric polypharmacy with an antidepressant on the Sanford Pharmacogenomics Panel. 60 Veterans were randomized to having their PGx test results available immediately or delayed until the end of the 12-week trial. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores were assessed monthly by blinded raters, with medication changes assessed via the electronic medical record. 30% of subjects had an actionable gene-drug interaction, compared to 20% in prior PGx research in Veterans. There were no significant differences in PHQ-9 scores, proportion of patients with medication changes, or time to first medication change. This study showed that targeted PGx testing can increase rates of actionable genotypes in patients with depression.
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