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Related Concept Videos

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

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Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
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Anthelminthic Agents01:15

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Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...
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Microbial Interactions: Cooperation01:26

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Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Cultivation of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus: An Immunomodulatory Nematode Parasite and its Secreted Products
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Environmental factors that regulate host-helminth interactions.

Eric Y Helm1, Tighe Christopher1, Alejandra Lopez Espinoza1

  • 1University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.

Trends in Parasitology
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) affect over a billion people. Environmental factors and host immune responses, including epigenetic changes, influence susceptibility and disease severity, offering new intervention strategies.

Keywords:
anemianeuronal–immune axissoil-transmitted helminthtrained immunitytype 2 immunity

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Cultivation of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus: An Immunomodulatory Nematode Parasite and its Secreted Products
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Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Environmental Health
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are a global health concern, infecting over a billion individuals.
  • Host susceptibility to STH infection is complex, influenced by environmental factors and immune responses.
  • STH infections can range from asymptomatic to severe, impacting individual health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how environmental factors modulate host-helminth interactions.
  • To understand the role of immune, epithelial, and neuronal circuits in STH susceptibility.
  • To investigate the impact of infection history on host immune memory and response to reexposure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host immune responses at mucosal surfaces, including type 2 immunity.
  • Investigation of microbial and dietary signals influencing host-helminth interactions.
  • Examination of environmental signals tuning transcriptional programs and epigenetic remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors integrate with host factors to determine STH susceptibility.
  • STHs activate specific immune, epithelial, and neuronal pathways.
  • Interleukin-13 (IL-13) plays a key role in worm expulsion.
  • Past infections lead to epigenetic modifications, altering future responses.

Conclusions:

  • Host susceptibility to STH infection is a dynamic interplay between environmental exposures and host biology.
  • Understanding these interactions can lead to better prediction of disease risk.
  • This knowledge can inform the development of novel interventions to enhance anti-helminth immunity.