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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types01:27

Drug Delivery Systems: Different Types

328
Conventional oral drug products, termed immediate-release (IR) formulations, are engineered to promptly release their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) upon ingestion, typically in tablets or capsules. This rapid release often results in swift drug absorption and consequent pharmacodynamic effects, although the timing and intensity can vary depending on the drug's properties. Prodrugs within these formulations require metabolic conversion to activate their pharmacodynamic effects,...
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction01:23

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

245
Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
245
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

264
Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
264
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

783
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

2.0K
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems01:11

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

183
Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Formation of Dispersible Taohong Siwu Tablets
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Development of Orally Disintegrating Tablets from Solid Dispersions Containing Tolvaptan/Cyclodextrin Complexes

Adnan Altuğ Kara1, Serdar Tort2, Füsun Acartürk2

  • 1Başkent University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Türkiye

Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study enhanced tolvaptan solubility and dissolution using solid dispersion (SD) techniques. The developed orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) offer a promising alternative for patients with swallowing difficulties.

Keywords:
Solid dispersion(s)cyclodextrinorally disintegrating tabletsolubility and dissolution ratetolvaptan

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Tolvaptan exhibits poor water solubility, limiting its bioavailability and efficacy.
  • Enhancing tolvaptan's solubility and dissolution rate is crucial for improving therapeutic outcomes.
  • Patients with swallowing difficulties require convenient and fast-acting dosage forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve tolvaptan's solubility and dissolution rate through solid dispersion (SD) technology.
  • To develop a fast-acting orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation of tolvaptan.
  • To enhance the overall efficacy and patient convenience of tolvaptan treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Solid dispersions (SDs) were prepared using hydrophilic polymers, solubility enhancers, and complexing agents like hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD).
  • Formulations were characterized using solubility studies, X-ray diffraction, DSC, FTIR, SEM, and in vitro dissolution tests.
  • Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) were formulated using the optimized SD formulation (HPβCD-SD2).

Main Results:

  • The HPβCD-SD2 formulation demonstrated a significant increase in tolvaptan solubility (8.7-fold) compared to the pure drug.
  • Over 90% of tolvaptan dissolved within 25 minutes from the HPβCD-SD2 formulation in various buffer solutions.
  • The selected ODT formulation (code 59) exhibited excellent properties with friability ≤1% and disintegration time ≤180 seconds.

Conclusions:

  • A novel SD formulation significantly enhanced tolvaptan's solubility and dissolution rate.
  • The developed orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) represent a viable alternative to existing tolvaptan products.
  • This formulation improves drug delivery for patients, particularly those with swallowing impairments.