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Understanding Online Hate Toward Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review
Michela Mariotto1, Sara Costa1, Noemi Di Brango2
1University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|April 15, 2026
Summary
Online hate speech targeting sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) significantly harms well-being. Interventions should combine platform moderation with bystander education to counter this discrimination.
Area of Science:
- Social Psychology
- Digital Media Studies
- Public Health
Background:
- Online hate speech (OHS) disproportionately affects sexual and gender minorities (SGMs).
- Understanding OHS impacts on SGM well-being and social norms is critical.
- Existing evidence synthesis on OHS targeting SGMs is limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review quantitative studies on OHS targeting SGMs.
- To synthesize evidence on OHS definitions, prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and behavioral responses.
- To inform interventions addressing OHS against SGMs.
Main Methods:
- PRISMA-based systematic review of quantitative studies.
- Searches conducted across 5 databases, identifying 13 relevant studies.
- Analysis focused on OHS definitions, prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and responses.
Main Results:
- OHS definitions varied but involved identity-based targeting in digital spaces.
- Prevalence was high in SGM-specific studies (>85%) and higher among SGM respondents in general populations.
- Exposure linked to poorer SGM well-being (depression, anxiety, substance use) and reduced social cohesion.
Conclusions:
- Harmonized OHS measures and longitudinal, intersectional designs are needed.
- Interventions should integrate platform moderation with bystander-focused prevention.
- Counter-speech has modest effects, and tolerance of OHS correlates with negative pre-existing attitudes.
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